Hello 1, processing of gem finished products The processing of finished gem finished products includes the selection of raw materials to thinking. The person who selects materials must understand the various characteristics and evaluation of gems. The material selection standards include factors such as the texture, color, transparency, hardness, hardness, block size, and the degree of availability of the ingredients. Izaly, the gem world attributes diamonds, red jewels, emeralds, golden green cat eye gems, etc. as high -end gems; green pillars, emeralds, tourmaline (electrical stones), sea blue gems, pearls, etc. are classified as mid -range gems; Yellow jade, crystal, turquoise, agate, amber, etc. are low -end gems. The same variety of gems is divided into high, medium, and low -grade according to the texture, color, and the color. The most obvious example is the jadeite. A high -quality jadeite ring with a bright green glass is valued at more than 10,000 yuan, and the low -end emerald bracelet is only a number. 100 yuan. Due to these characteristics of gems, processing is often selected according to the variety, and the experienced personnel should be performed. The materials should be carefully observed after the material selection, understanding the inherent quality, cracks, parcels, crystal optical orientation, and explanation of the raw materials, determine the available parts and parts that need to be eliminated, and then according to the specific gemstone according to the specific gemstone The habit, specific shape, and processing habits are designed to design cutting gems. The design of the shape of the gemstone is conducive to the refraction, reflection or special optical effect of the gemstone, so that the precious gemstone can show the inner and appearance beauty through a series of light and edges, and it is more gorgeous. In addition, we must consider whether the volume of the gemstone can be maintained to the maximum extent. , after a long period of practice and research, a large number of popular gem design styles have appeared in the world. The number, angle, and shape of gems in various styles have certain requirements. The naming, such as diamonds, is often designed as a four -way octagonal, Frolangting (double rose), diamond circular and other popular styles. After designing the style, cut, grind, and polish the gemstone. Cut the gem is also called "opening", which usually uses a gem cutting machine with Vajra round saw. The grinding and polishing can be performed on the special gem grinding and polishing machine. There is a robot that can be used to paint the gem blamm on the aircraft. The robot can adjust the angle and pressure; there is also an electric grinding plate, which can be equipped with different different diamond mills and polishing plates. Generally The procedure is polished by polishing agents such as aluminum, oxide or diatomic soil, and then polishing. Although there are semi -automated grinding machines now, gem processing is difficult to implement specifications, and it is mainly based on rich and good grinding techniques and grinders of gemstone knowledge. Some famous gems in the world are designed and processed by celebrities and craftsmen. The processing of jade and jade is different from ordinary gems. It is generally made into various ornaments and crafts with non -plane geometric forms. For example, the emerald raw material (called "原 ingredients") should be opened by the experts, try to use it as much as possible. When it is not used in large pieces, it is necessary to take out some of the high value (such as emerald green) separate processing, or use different textures and colors in natural raw materials The distribution of "Cui" and "Di" cleverly designed the realistic and realistic craft carvings, such as green leaf white bone cabbage. The process of carving jade includes materials selection, design, rough painting, 铡 (cutting), 錾 (chisel), rushing (flat), grinding (large sample), rolling (detailed), hook (pattern), light (upper light)) Wait for steps. The jade carving division can use the huge emerald works for several years to make it a priceless treasure. The processing of pearls is also special. Among them, round and shiny, can be used as gemstones, but it accounts for a small part of the total output, which is called the original beads. The processing of the original beads generally has the following processes: (1) bleaching, soaking in water, soaking neutralizer; ; (4) Through the holes, those with less defects can drill single holes for rings, earrings, etc., with high value; those with many defects drill dual holes for pearl skewers necklaces; (5) inlaid or beaded.
2, inlaid After the gem is pondered, it can be inlaid on the bottom tray. The bottom bead is generally 18K, 14K, 12K and other gold or platinum. Taking the ring as an example, the bottom bearing includes the wrist (ring), waist, base, and claws. The production of the base is generally the following process; the tire bottom (or machine casting), the production parts, welding, and grinding, and finally the gem can be set to the end. The embedded form of gemstones changes endlessly. If there is a larger gem in the center of the bottom, it is called "main stone", and there can be small "accompaniment stones" around the main stone; there are no main stone, and there are many gems with the same size. Wait and so on. Jewelry inlaid with gemstones should pay attention to matching, that is, according to the value of gems, color, individual size, carving, and popular styles, the precious metal varieties and design jewelry styles are appropriately selected. Considering the value of gems, the expensive diamond should be matched with a sophisticated base. It should not be made into jewelry worn on the body that is not conspicuous. The deep gem should be inlaid with a large amount of light; the individual size of the gem should also be commensurate with the size of the bottom or the whole jewelry. Or need to be treated with multiple gems, inlaid diamonds, etc.; in terms of styling, the outline, lines and gem shapes are required to be named. In terms of styles, pay attention to the different characteristics of Europe, the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia, and domestic consumers to avoid such problems such as the gemstone like Emerald's favorite gemstones that are not liked by Orientals or metal materials. Is with the changes in people's aesthetics, some anti -"trend" ideas and choices are constantly appearing, and artistic abstracts and modern ideas are inevitably appearing in gem processing. Is to answer can help you
After the design of the gemstone style is completed, processing must be processed in accordance with the design plan. The gemstone style is different and the processing process process is different. The type of gemstone generally uses translucent-opaque gem raw materials, which mainly highlights the color, gloss and special optical effects of gems (such as cat eye effects, starlight effects, etc.), which can fully make up the lack of gemstone in fire color, transparency and flaws. The materials of convex gemstones are widely made. Generally, there are no specific requirements. The commonly used gem types are: jadeite, ruby, sapphire, European, golden emerald, pomegranate stone, agate, etc. Its processing process is: The blank → circle → upper pole → pre -form → fine grinding → polishing → later processing (1) Black Tao process: 1. Painting line The drawing line is unnecessary for the valuable gem raw materials of small granules, because such gem rough stones are generally directly removed on the trimming saw. Tao process (circle). The pieces of slices cut by large block raw materials. In order to make every use, accurate and convenient, the drawing line must be performed. The drawing line is to draw the waist of the convex gemstone on the film with a brush. The brush used in the drawing line is a sharp -end brass rod or aluminum rod with a length of 10-15cm. It can also use color pencils. In order to accurately draw the waist shape according to a certain specification, the template is usually used (Figure 11-4-1). The template is made of plastic, organic glass or stainless steel. There are many different graphics and different sizes designed on the template according to the production requirements. When drawing the line, the shape holes selected on the template on the gem raw materials, draw the contour of the waist with a brush. it is good. Figure 11-4-1 Template 2. Savings The method of cutting is sawing cutting, that is, cutting cut from the contour line drawn by the edge of the edge, leaving about 2 to about 2 to about 2 to The amount of 4mm is avoided to avoid the cracks produced during cutting to extend to the contour line during cutting, causing unnecessary losses. This cutting is used during cutting. The operation steps are as follows: (1) clean the stone platform, open the cooling water, and cool the saw blade to avoid the temperature of the raw material and the saw blade too high during friction. (2) Handheld raw materials, push into a saw blade with a balanced force, control the pressure of the inlet, and generally use the sheet to smooth into the knife without producing sparks or sparks. Generally, the speed slows down when the feed is started. After the raw materials enter a section, it must be accelerated along the line, but it cannot be touched suddenly. When it is fast, slow down to avoid collapse. (3) Repeat the above steps to remove excess amount outside the drawing line. As shown in Figure 11-4-2. (2) Circle shape The circle shape is the waist of the rough with a sand wheel. The circular shape is generally used with silicon carbide with 80 # ～ 100 # with a diameter of 250mm. The specific steps are as follows: (1) Open the cooling water and wheel mill. (2) The bottom surface of the blank is facing upwards, pinching it with your hands, and evenly grind the rough edges and edges and corners. The shape of the circle should be smooth, natural, and arc. The balance of about 0.5 to 1mm should be perpendicular to the waist surface (see Figure 11-4-3). (3) After the circles are completed, in order to prevent the bottom edge from collapsed due to sharpness, a small slope can be grinded on the edge of the bottom surface, so that the angle between the bottom surface is 40 ° ~ 45 °. The side of the slope can be overlapped with the contour line but do not grind the contour line. The shape of the rough at 11-4-2 Figure 11-4-3 Rough look-up view (3) The rod Go to the pole. The upper pole is to stick the gem rough and sticky rods with glue. For experienced gem craftsmen, you can directly hold the rough to pre -shape, but for beginners, you need to go up, because this can not only fix the gemstone and avoid hurting hands. The sticky rod is generally 100-150mm long, one end is circular, with a diameter of about 6-12mm. It is made with brass, iron or hardwood. The specific rod steps are: (1) Wash gemstone rough and sticky rods with alcohol (a small number of gems with unstable chemical properties can only be cleaned with tap water). (2) The glue is made into fragments, put it in a cup, and heated with the alcohol lamp until it melts. (3) Immers the bonding end of the sticky rod into the melting glue, immerse in the depth of about 10mm, stop for a while, let the glue infiltrate the sticky rod, and then remove it. (4) Use the gardenia to clamp the gem rough and heat it on the alcohol lamp to make the blank heat evenly to avoid bursting. For gems that are afraid of heat, you can use asrytal mesh to heat. (5) Stick the bottom surface of the blank with glue sticks. When the glue is not completely hard, righteousness is righteous to make the bottom surface of the rough vertical sticky rod, and then naturally cool down. (4) Pre-form (Figure 11-4-4) is the shape of the gemstone with sand wheel grinding. The tools used in the pre -shape are wheel mill. There are two silicon wheels with different thicknesses. The diameter of the coarse sand wheel is about 300 to 400mm, and the abrasive particle size is 80 # ～ 100 #; It is 180 # ～ 220 #. The main function of the thick sand wheel is to grind the balance of the blank, and the role of fine sand wheels is to further trim and remove the pre -shaped balance, scratches, and microcosmptoculation left by the rough sand wheel, and increase the smoothness of the surface of the blank. Through the pre -shape, the rough is basically obtained in the design of the design. The specific steps are as follows: (1) Open the cooling water and wheel mill, and the wheels will start the pre -shape after rotating the wheel. (2) The hand holding the stick to grind the top of the blank material out of the oblique surface. Do not exceed the bottom surface and the edge of the small slope (the small sloped surface when the circles). When grinding the diagonal surface, the force should be evenly rotated, and the sticky rod is constantly rotated, so that the diagonal surface is as long as the ring strap. (3) After grinding the first ring belt, grind the second ring belt towards the top, and grind the third and fourth ring bands to the top. Based on this Class pushes make the top surface of the rough from getting closer and smoother curved surfaces from the ladder -shaped curved surface. (4) Use a fine sand wheel to clean the rough to prevent the thick particles from being brought to the fine sand wheel. Then follow the steps above until the excess of the gem rough is cut off and has a good smoothness. Figure 11-4-4 Pre-forming process (5) fine grinding The function of fine grinding is to improve the smoothness of the gem rough and further improve the styling accuracy. The tools used for fine mills are rotor mills, mills and disc bras, etc. The common feature of them is to cover a layer of elastic materials on the grinding plate. Automatically generate a yield surface, wrap the blank, that is, the elastic surface of the grinding plate and the gem rough surface are spherical grinding surface. It is precisely because of the existence of the yield surface that increases its contact with the gem, and the grinding force of this yield surface is much softer than the grinding force of the sand wheel, which greatly improves the smoothness of the gem rough. 1. The wheel grinding The wheel mill used for fine milling is similar to the sand wheel. Its matched body is made of metal or wooden wheels, and the outer ring is bonded on the substrate with a rubber jacket. The rubber thickness is about 10 to 15mm, containing diamond powder. This rubber wheel is suitable for gemstones such as grinding red sapphire. The outer ring can also be replaced by leather, and the abrasives used are silicon carbide with 240 # or 280 #. 2. Band grinding The use of the grinding machine for fine grinding, high efficiency. Put the gem convex surface on the sasal belt, and the sasal belt produces yield surface, and wraps the gemstone, which can increase the grinding area of the gem. 3. The substrates are mostly made of metal or hardwood. The plate surface is slightly convex, and a felt or soft foam plastic between 5 to 10mm is bonded on it. The abrasive is silicon carbide with 220 # ～ 280 # or diamond powder with 280 # and W40. (6) Polishing The polishing processing process of gems includes plane polishing process, arc surface polishing process, and rolling throwing process. Due to the different ingredients and properties of gems, the polishing discs and polishing materials used during polishing are also different (Table 11-4-1). The main polishing disc materials are: iron, copper, tin, aluminum, lead, zinc, rubber wood, organic glass, leather and wood, etc. The main polishing materials: diamond, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, tin oxide and other microfin. The polishing process, equipment and fine grinding processes and equipment of convex gemstones are similar. If the polishing tool is used for wooden plates, it should be covered with elastic materials on its surface, such as felt, leather, woolen, canvas, etc. to produce yield. The specific operation steps are as follows: (1) Wash gem rough and polished disc. (2) Open the polishing machine and apply a little polishing agent with a brush (the polishing agent is made of water or other dispersant to make polishing powder into a paste). (3) When polishing, start with the edge of the blank, and then gradually excessively excessive to the top. It is necessary to be uniform to make the polishing curved surface smooth and check the polishing situation at any time. . Table 11-4-1 Different gems and polished polishing tables (7) Later treatment Perbal blanking after polishing, usually follow the following post-processing: (1) Disassembly: Heat the gemstone and sticky rods with alcohol lamps to melt the glue and remove the gem. (2) Cleaning: Put the gems and sticks with a small amount of glue into the alcohol. After the glue is dissolved, remove the gem and sticky rod and wash it with water. (3) Bottom surface treatment: Use 220 # fine sandpaper or flat sand plate to smooth the bottom surface. If the transparency of the gem is good, the bottom surface needs to be polished. (4) Wax: The gemstone after the bottom surface is cleaned, dry, and waxed to fill the microculfation and increase the surface of the gemstone. . The processing process of face -to -face gemstones generally uses face -oriented type of gemstone with good transparency. The aspect -shaped processing process is much more complicated than the convex surface type. : The blank → upper pole → circle shape → crown grinding → crown polishing → (flip gemstone) upper pole → pavilion grinding → pavilion polishing → later processing 1. Black Generally, the splitting method and the sawing method are used to divide the original stone into small pieces, use a thick disk and rough grinding to produce the standard surface (countertop), and remove the flawed parts in a rough or fine grinding method. 2. Upper rod The reference surface of the gemstone tightly attached to the vertical surface of the adhesive, and sticking the pavilion of the gem to the processing rod with sticky glue. The adhesive ends of the sticky rod have a variety of shapes (Figure 11-4-5) to adhere to different types of gems. The specific steps of the upper rod are: The types of the sticky rod in Figure 11-4-5 (1) Wash the surface of the sticky rod and gem rough. (2) Preheat the sticky rod and preheat the gem blank. The gem is evenly heated. (3) Paste the pavilion of the sticky rod and gem rough with glue. When the glue is not completely solidified, the angle is correct. The central line of the blank is required to coincide with the axis of the sticky rod, and the benchmark surface is perpendicular to the sticky rod. 3. Circle The waist shape of the gemstone and the basic curved surface of the crown part. When the waist shape, ensure that the axis of the sticky rod is parallel to the grinding plate, so as to ensure that the top surface of the roughness can be perpendicular to the waist surface. When the basic arc surface of the circle crown part, the curvature should be small, that is, the angle of the curved surface and the sticky rod should be small, and the curved curvature should be consistent (Figure 11-4-6), otherwise Essence 4. There are two types of gem carving machines: octagonal carved grinding machine and robotic carving grinding machine. The diameter of the grinding plate used in the carved mill is generally 150mm diamond grinding plate, and the particle size of the abrasive is generally 600 mesh. The sequence of grinding is the table, the main face of the crown, the small surface of the star, and the upper waist. The specific steps are as follows (take the octagonal grinding machine as an example): (1) Open the grinding machine and cooling water. (2) Install the sticky stick with the blank to the 45 ° block, and then install the 45 ° block on the gemstone grinding machine, make the table down, parallel on the grinding plate, and then smoothed the table of the gem ( Figure 11-4-7) (3) Remove 45 ° blocks, install the sticky sticks with blank on the octagonal grinding machine, adjust the host platform, so that the gemstone and grinding plates are in contact with 40 ° (crown The angle of the section is 40 °), and the octagonal hand to 1 hole is adjusted. It can be rotated on the platform through the octagonal hand and eight edges. The diameter reaches 50%to 60%of the waist diameter. Figure 11-4-6 The circle of the gem crown part Figure 11-4-7 use 45 ° block to grind the crown table 1-45 °; 2 — sticking rod; 3- Gemstone blank; 4 -grinding discs; 5 — fixture; 6 -bracket (4) increase the host platform, make the blank and grinding plate 25 °, adjust the octagonal hand to 2 holes, and can grind out through the eight -sided rotation. 8 stars small noodles. At this time, the star noodles and the main surface are just two squares. (5) Set the host platform, so that the rough and grinding plates into 46 °, adjust the octagonal hand to 3 holes, and rotate through the eight sides to grind the 8 waist surface on the left side of the crown (Figure 11-4- 8) Figure 11-4-8 The grinding steps of the round diamond-type crown (6) Keep the platform motionless, adjust the octagonal hand to 4 holes, and rotate through the eight sides. 8 waist on the right. 5. Polishing of the crown part During polishing, put the grinding disc, put it on the polished plate, and then apply the polishing agent. The sequence of polishing is: first polishing 8 star noodles, then polishing 8 main faces, and then polishing 16 upper waist and small surface, and finally polishing the table. The problem that should be noted in polishing is: (1) The angle of polishing should be consistent with the angle of grinding, otherwise there will be extra small surfaces. (2) The polishing plate surface and polishing agent should be kept clean, and there must be no thick particles of abrasive granules. 6. Flip the gemstone rod (Figure 11-4-9) Figure 11-4-9 Change the sticky rod 1 — flat head sticky rod; - Adhesive; 4 — Adhesion After the crown part is grinded and polished, heated the gem 料 on the alcohol lamp, then remove the gem blanking, turn the direction of the turn, and bond the crown in a flat head adhesive pole superior. 7. The grinding of the pavilion The grinding of the pavilion is basically similar to the grinding method of the crown department. The specific steps are: (1) Installing the sticky rod to the octagonal hand , Adjust the host platform, make the rough and grinding plates 40 °, choose the one -hole position of the octagonal hand, and rotate through the octagonal rotation to grind 8 main surfaces. (2) Settle the host platform to make the blank and grinding plate 43 °. Select 3 holes in an octagonal hand. Through the eight -sided rotation, the 8 waist surface on the left side of the pavilion is grinded out of the pavilion. (3) Keep the platform without moving, choose the 4-hole position of the octagonal hand, and grind the eight waist surface on the right side of the pavilion (see Figure 11-4-10). Figure 11-4-10 The grinding steps of the round diamond-type pavilion a — the first step is to grind the eight planes of the pavilion; B — the second step is to grind the 16 lower waist surface 8. The polishing of the pavilion The polishing of the pavilion is the same as polishing as the crown. 9. Treatment of later treatment After the polishing of the pavilion, if the bottom tip of the gemstone is damaged, a small plane can be grinded at the bottom and polished the small surface and waist. Then, heat the gem and sticky rod under the alcohol lamp, remove the glue after the glue melts, put the gum with glue and stick the sticks into the alcohol, wash the gem, and finally wash it with water.
Hello
1, processing of gem finished products
The processing of finished gem finished products includes the selection of raw materials to thinking.
The person who selects materials must understand the various characteristics and evaluation of gems. The material selection standards include factors such as the texture, color, transparency, hardness, hardness, block size, and the degree of availability of the ingredients.
Izaly, the gem world attributes diamonds, red jewels, emeralds, golden green cat eye gems, etc. as high -end gems; green pillars, emeralds, tourmaline (electrical stones), sea blue gems, pearls, etc. are classified as mid -range gems; Yellow jade, crystal, turquoise, agate, amber, etc. are low -end gems. The same variety of gems is divided into high, medium, and low -grade according to the texture, color, and the color. The most obvious example is the jadeite. A high -quality jadeite ring with a bright green glass is valued at more than 10,000 yuan, and the low -end emerald bracelet is only a number. 100 yuan. Due to these characteristics of gems, processing is often selected according to the variety, and the experienced personnel should be performed.
The materials should be carefully observed after the material selection, understanding the inherent quality, cracks, parcels, crystal optical orientation, and explanation of the raw materials, determine the available parts and parts that need to be eliminated, and then according to the specific gemstone according to the specific gemstone The habit, specific shape, and processing habits are designed to design cutting gems. The design of the shape of the gemstone is conducive to the refraction, reflection or special optical effect of the gemstone, so that the precious gemstone can show the inner and appearance beauty through a series of light and edges, and it is more gorgeous. In addition, we must consider whether the volume of the gemstone can be maintained to the maximum extent.
, after a long period of practice and research, a large number of popular gem design styles have appeared in the world. The number, angle, and shape of gems in various styles have certain requirements. The naming, such as diamonds, is often designed as a four -way octagonal, Frolangting (double rose), diamond circular and other popular styles.
After designing the style, cut, grind, and polish the gemstone. Cut the gem is also called "opening", which usually uses a gem cutting machine with Vajra round saw. The grinding and polishing can be performed on the special gem grinding and polishing machine. There is a robot that can be used to paint the gem blamm on the aircraft. The robot can adjust the angle and pressure; there is also an electric grinding plate, which can be equipped with different different diamond mills and polishing plates. Generally The procedure is polished by polishing agents such as aluminum, oxide or diatomic soil, and then polishing. Although there are semi -automated grinding machines now, gem processing is difficult to implement specifications, and it is mainly based on rich and good grinding techniques and grinders of gemstone knowledge. Some famous gems in the world are designed and processed by celebrities and craftsmen.
The processing of jade and jade is different from ordinary gems. It is generally made into various ornaments and crafts with non -plane geometric forms. For example, the emerald raw material (called "原 ingredients") should be opened by the experts, try to use it as much as possible. When it is not used in large pieces, it is necessary to take out some of the high value (such as emerald green) separate processing, or use different textures and colors in natural raw materials The distribution of "Cui" and "Di" cleverly designed the realistic and realistic craft carvings, such as green leaf white bone cabbage. The process of carving jade includes materials selection, design, rough painting, 铡 (cutting), 錾 (chisel), rushing (flat), grinding (large sample), rolling (detailed), hook (pattern), light (upper light)) Wait for steps. The jade carving division can use the huge emerald works for several years to make it a priceless treasure.
The processing of pearls is also special. Among them, round and shiny, can be used as gemstones, but it accounts for a small part of the total output, which is called the original beads. The processing of the original beads generally has the following processes: (1) bleaching, soaking in water, soaking neutralizer; ; (4) Through the holes, those with less defects can drill single holes for rings, earrings, etc., with high value; those with many defects drill dual holes for pearl skewers necklaces; (5) inlaid or beaded.
2, inlaid
After the gem is pondered, it can be inlaid on the bottom tray. The bottom bead is generally 18K, 14K, 12K and other gold or platinum. Taking the ring as an example, the bottom bearing includes the wrist (ring), waist, base, and claws. The production of the base is generally the following process; the tire bottom (or machine casting), the production parts, welding, and grinding, and finally the gem can be set to the end.
The embedded form of gemstones changes endlessly. If there is a larger gem in the center of the bottom, it is called "main stone", and there can be small "accompaniment stones" around the main stone; there are no main stone, and there are many gems with the same size. Wait and so on. Jewelry inlaid with gemstones should pay attention to matching, that is, according to the value of gems, color, individual size, carving, and popular styles, the precious metal varieties and design jewelry styles are appropriately selected. Considering the value of gems, the expensive diamond should be matched with a sophisticated base. It should not be made into jewelry worn on the body that is not conspicuous. The deep gem should be inlaid with a large amount of light; the individual size of the gem should also be commensurate with the size of the bottom or the whole jewelry. Or need to be treated with multiple gems, inlaid diamonds, etc.; in terms of styling, the outline, lines and gem shapes are required to be named. In terms of styles, pay attention to the different characteristics of Europe, the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia, and domestic consumers to avoid such problems such as the gemstone like Emerald's favorite gemstones that are not liked by Orientals or metal materials.
Is with the changes in people's aesthetics, some anti -"trend" ideas and choices are constantly appearing, and artistic abstracts and modern ideas are inevitably appearing in gem processing.
Is to answer can help you
After the design of the gemstone style is completed, processing must be processed in accordance with the design plan. The gemstone style is different and the processing process process is different. The type of gemstone generally uses translucent-opaque gem raw materials, which mainly highlights the color, gloss and special optical effects of gems (such as cat eye effects, starlight effects, etc.), which can fully make up the lack of gemstone in fire color, transparency and flaws. The materials of convex gemstones are widely made. Generally, there are no specific requirements. The commonly used gem types are: jadeite, ruby, sapphire, European, golden emerald, pomegranate stone, agate, etc. Its processing process is:
The blank → circle → upper pole → pre -form → fine grinding → polishing → later processing
(1) Black
Tao process:
1. Painting line
The drawing line is unnecessary for the valuable gem raw materials of small granules, because such gem rough stones are generally directly removed on the trimming saw. Tao process (circle).
The pieces of slices cut by large block raw materials. In order to make every use, accurate and convenient, the drawing line must be performed. The drawing line is to draw the waist of the convex gemstone on the film with a brush. The brush used in the drawing line is a sharp -end brass rod or aluminum rod with a length of 10-15cm. It can also use color pencils.
In order to accurately draw the waist shape according to a certain specification, the template is usually used (Figure 11-4-1). The template is made of plastic, organic glass or stainless steel. There are many different graphics and different sizes designed on the template according to the production requirements. When drawing the line, the shape holes selected on the template on the gem raw materials, draw the contour of the waist with a brush. it is good.
Figure 11-4-1 Template
2. Savings
The method of cutting is sawing cutting, that is, cutting cut from the contour line drawn by the edge of the edge, leaving about 2 to about 2 to about 2 to The amount of 4mm is avoided to avoid the cracks produced during cutting to extend to the contour line during cutting, causing unnecessary losses.
This cutting is used during cutting. The operation steps are as follows: (1) clean the stone platform, open the cooling water, and cool the saw blade to avoid the temperature of the raw material and the saw blade too high during friction.
(2) Handheld raw materials, push into a saw blade with a balanced force, control the pressure of the inlet, and generally use the sheet to smooth into the knife without producing sparks or sparks. Generally, the speed slows down when the feed is started. After the raw materials enter a section, it must be accelerated along the line, but it cannot be touched suddenly. When it is fast, slow down to avoid collapse.
(3) Repeat the above steps to remove excess amount outside the drawing line. As shown in Figure 11-4-2.
(2) Circle shape
The circle shape is the waist of the rough with a sand wheel. The circular shape is generally used with silicon carbide with 80 # ～ 100 # with a diameter of 250mm. The specific steps are as follows:
(1) Open the cooling water and wheel mill.
(2) The bottom surface of the blank is facing upwards, pinching it with your hands, and evenly grind the rough edges and edges and corners. The shape of the circle should be smooth, natural, and arc. The balance of about 0.5 to 1mm should be perpendicular to the waist surface (see Figure 11-4-3).
(3) After the circles are completed, in order to prevent the bottom edge from collapsed due to sharpness, a small slope can be grinded on the edge of the bottom surface, so that the angle between the bottom surface is 40 ° ~ 45 °. The side of the slope can be overlapped with the contour line but do not grind the contour line.
The shape of the rough at 11-4-2
Figure 11-4-3 Rough look-up view
(3) The rod
Go to the pole. The upper pole is to stick the gem rough and sticky rods with glue. For experienced gem craftsmen, you can directly hold the rough to pre -shape, but for beginners, you need to go up, because this can not only fix the gemstone and avoid hurting hands.
The sticky rod is generally 100-150mm long, one end is circular, with a diameter of about 6-12mm. It is made with brass, iron or hardwood. The specific rod steps are:
(1) Wash gemstone rough and sticky rods with alcohol (a small number of gems with unstable chemical properties can only be cleaned with tap water).
(2) The glue is made into fragments, put it in a cup, and heated with the alcohol lamp until it melts.
(3) Immers the bonding end of the sticky rod into the melting glue, immerse in the depth of about 10mm, stop for a while, let the glue infiltrate the sticky rod, and then remove it.
(4) Use the gardenia to clamp the gem rough and heat it on the alcohol lamp to make the blank heat evenly to avoid bursting. For gems that are afraid of heat, you can use asrytal mesh to heat.
(5) Stick the bottom surface of the blank with glue sticks. When the glue is not completely hard, righteousness is righteous to make the bottom surface of the rough vertical sticky rod, and then naturally cool down.
(4) Pre-form (Figure 11-4-4)
is the shape of the gemstone with sand wheel grinding. The tools used in the pre -shape are wheel mill. There are two silicon wheels with different thicknesses. The diameter of the coarse sand wheel is about 300 to 400mm, and the abrasive particle size is 80 # ～ 100 #; It is 180 # ～ 220 #. The main function of the thick sand wheel is to grind the balance of the blank, and the role of fine sand wheels is to further trim and remove the pre -shaped balance, scratches, and microcosmptoculation left by the rough sand wheel, and increase the smoothness of the surface of the blank. Through the pre -shape, the rough is basically obtained in the design of the design. The specific steps are as follows:
(1) Open the cooling water and wheel mill, and the wheels will start the pre -shape after rotating the wheel.
(2) The hand holding the stick to grind the top of the blank material out of the oblique surface. Do not exceed the bottom surface and the edge of the small slope (the small sloped surface when the circles). When grinding the diagonal surface, the force should be evenly rotated, and the sticky rod is constantly rotated, so that the diagonal surface is as long as the ring strap.
(3) After grinding the first ring belt, grind the second ring belt towards the top, and grind the third and fourth ring bands to the top. Based on this Class pushes make the top surface of the rough from getting closer and smoother curved surfaces from the ladder -shaped curved surface.
(4) Use a fine sand wheel to clean the rough to prevent the thick particles from being brought to the fine sand wheel. Then follow the steps above until the excess of the gem rough is cut off and has a good smoothness.
Figure 11-4-4 Pre-forming process
(5) fine grinding
The function of fine grinding is to improve the smoothness of the gem rough and further improve the styling accuracy.
The tools used for fine mills are rotor mills, mills and disc bras, etc. The common feature of them is to cover a layer of elastic materials on the grinding plate. Automatically generate a yield surface, wrap the blank, that is, the elastic surface of the grinding plate and the gem rough surface are spherical grinding surface. It is precisely because of the existence of the yield surface that increases its contact with the gem, and the grinding force of this yield surface is much softer than the grinding force of the sand wheel, which greatly improves the smoothness of the gem rough.
1. The wheel grinding
The wheel mill used for fine milling is similar to the sand wheel. Its matched body is made of metal or wooden wheels, and the outer ring is bonded on the substrate with a rubber jacket. The rubber thickness is about 10 to 15mm, containing diamond powder. This rubber wheel is suitable for gemstones such as grinding red sapphire. The outer ring can also be replaced by leather, and the abrasives used are silicon carbide with 240 # or 280 #.
2. Band grinding
The use of the grinding machine for fine grinding, high efficiency. Put the gem convex surface on the sasal belt, and the sasal belt produces yield surface, and wraps the gemstone, which can increase the grinding area of the gem.
3. The substrates are mostly made of metal or hardwood. The plate surface is slightly convex, and a felt or soft foam plastic between 5 to 10mm is bonded on it. The abrasive is silicon carbide with 220 # ～ 280 # or diamond powder with 280 # and W40.
(6) Polishing
The polishing processing process of gems includes plane polishing process, arc surface polishing process, and rolling throwing process. Due to the different ingredients and properties of gems, the polishing discs and polishing materials used during polishing are also different (Table 11-4-1). The main polishing disc materials are: iron, copper, tin, aluminum, lead, zinc, rubber wood, organic glass, leather and wood, etc. The main polishing materials: diamond, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, tin oxide and other microfin.
The polishing process, equipment and fine grinding processes and equipment of convex gemstones are similar. If the polishing tool is used for wooden plates, it should be covered with elastic materials on its surface, such as felt, leather, woolen, canvas, etc. to produce yield. The specific operation steps are as follows:
(1) Wash gem rough and polished disc.
(2) Open the polishing machine and apply a little polishing agent with a brush (the polishing agent is made of water or other dispersant to make polishing powder into a paste).
(3) When polishing, start with the edge of the blank, and then gradually excessively excessive to the top. It is necessary to be uniform to make the polishing curved surface smooth and check the polishing situation at any time.
. Table 11-4-1 Different gems and polished polishing tables
(7) Later treatment
Perbal blanking after polishing, usually follow the following post-processing:
(1) Disassembly: Heat the gemstone and sticky rods with alcohol lamps to melt the glue and remove the gem.
(2) Cleaning: Put the gems and sticks with a small amount of glue into the alcohol. After the glue is dissolved, remove the gem and sticky rod and wash it with water.
(3) Bottom surface treatment: Use 220 # fine sandpaper or flat sand plate to smooth the bottom surface. If the transparency of the gem is good, the bottom surface needs to be polished.
(4) Wax: The gemstone after the bottom surface is cleaned, dry, and waxed to fill the microculfation and increase the surface of the gemstone.
. The processing process of face -to -face gemstones
generally uses face -oriented type of gemstone with good transparency. The aspect -shaped processing process is much more complicated than the convex surface type. :
The blank → upper pole → circle shape → crown grinding → crown polishing → (flip gemstone) upper pole → pavilion grinding → pavilion polishing → later processing
1. Black
Generally, the splitting method and the sawing method are used to divide the original stone into small pieces, use a thick disk and rough grinding to produce the standard surface (countertop), and remove the flawed parts in a rough or fine grinding method.
2. Upper rod
The reference surface of the gemstone tightly attached to the vertical surface of the adhesive, and sticking the pavilion of the gem to the processing rod with sticky glue. The adhesive ends of the sticky rod have a variety of shapes (Figure 11-4-5) to adhere to different types of gems. The specific steps of the upper rod are:
The types of the sticky rod in Figure 11-4-5
(1) Wash the surface of the sticky rod and gem rough.
(2) Preheat the sticky rod and preheat the gem blank. The gem is evenly heated.
(3) Paste the pavilion of the sticky rod and gem rough with glue. When the glue is not completely solidified, the angle is correct. The central line of the blank is required to coincide with the axis of the sticky rod, and the benchmark surface is perpendicular to the sticky rod.
3. Circle
The waist shape of the gemstone and the basic curved surface of the crown part. When the waist shape, ensure that the axis of the sticky rod is parallel to the grinding plate, so as to ensure that the top surface of the roughness can be perpendicular to the waist surface. When the basic arc surface of the circle crown part, the curvature should be small, that is, the angle of the curved surface and the sticky rod should be small, and the curved curvature should be consistent (Figure 11-4-6), otherwise Essence
4. There are two types of gem carving machines: octagonal carved grinding machine and robotic carving grinding machine. The diameter of the grinding plate used in the carved mill is generally 150mm diamond grinding plate, and the particle size of the abrasive is generally 600 mesh. The sequence of grinding is the table, the main face of the crown, the small surface of the star, and the upper waist. The specific steps are as follows (take the octagonal grinding machine as an example):
(1) Open the grinding machine and cooling water.
(2) Install the sticky stick with the blank to the 45 ° block, and then install the 45 ° block on the gemstone grinding machine, make the table down, parallel on the grinding plate, and then smoothed the table of the gem ( Figure 11-4-7)
(3) Remove 45 ° blocks, install the sticky sticks with blank on the octagonal grinding machine, adjust the host platform, so that the gemstone and grinding plates are in contact with 40 ° (crown The angle of the section is 40 °), and the octagonal hand to 1 hole is adjusted. It can be rotated on the platform through the octagonal hand and eight edges. The diameter reaches 50%to 60%of the waist diameter.
Figure 11-4-6 The circle of the gem crown part
Figure 11-4-7 use 45 ° block to grind the crown table
1-45 °; 2 — sticking rod; 3- Gemstone blank; 4 -grinding discs; 5 — fixture; 6 -bracket
(4) increase the host platform, make the blank and grinding plate 25 °, adjust the octagonal hand to 2 holes, and can grind out through the eight -sided rotation. 8 stars small noodles. At this time, the star noodles and the main surface are just two squares.
(5) Set the host platform, so that the rough and grinding plates into 46 °, adjust the octagonal hand to 3 holes, and rotate through the eight sides to grind the 8 waist surface on the left side of the crown (Figure 11-4- 8)
Figure 11-4-8 The grinding steps of the round diamond-type crown
(6) Keep the platform motionless, adjust the octagonal hand to 4 holes, and rotate through the eight sides. 8 waist on the right.
5. Polishing of the crown part
During polishing, put the grinding disc, put it on the polished plate, and then apply the polishing agent.
The sequence of polishing is: first polishing 8 star noodles, then polishing 8 main faces, and then polishing 16 upper waist and small surface, and finally polishing the table.
The problem that should be noted in polishing is:
(1) The angle of polishing should be consistent with the angle of grinding, otherwise there will be extra small surfaces.
(2) The polishing plate surface and polishing agent should be kept clean, and there must be no thick particles of abrasive granules.
6. Flip the gemstone rod (Figure 11-4-9)
Figure 11-4-9 Change the sticky rod
1 — flat head sticky rod; - Adhesive; 4 — Adhesion
After the crown part is grinded and polished, heated the gem 料 on the alcohol lamp, then remove the gem blanking, turn the direction of the turn, and bond the crown in a flat head adhesive pole superior.
7. The grinding of the pavilion
The grinding of the pavilion is basically similar to the grinding method of the crown department. The specific steps are:
(1) Installing the sticky rod to the octagonal hand , Adjust the host platform, make the rough and grinding plates 40 °, choose the one -hole position of the octagonal hand, and rotate through the octagonal rotation to grind 8 main surfaces.
(2) Settle the host platform to make the blank and grinding plate 43 °. Select 3 holes in an octagonal hand. Through the eight -sided rotation, the 8 waist surface on the left side of the pavilion is grinded out of the pavilion.
(3) Keep the platform without moving, choose the 4-hole position of the octagonal hand, and grind the eight waist surface on the right side of the pavilion (see Figure 11-4-10).
Figure 11-4-10 The grinding steps of the round diamond-type pavilion
a — the first step is to grind the eight planes of the pavilion; B — the second step is to grind the 16 lower waist surface
8. The polishing of the pavilion
The polishing of the pavilion is the same as polishing as the crown.
9. Treatment of later treatment
After the polishing of the pavilion, if the bottom tip of the gemstone is damaged, a small plane can be grinded at the bottom and polished the small surface and waist. Then, heat the gem and sticky rod under the alcohol lamp, remove the glue after the glue melts, put the gum with glue and stick the sticks into the alcohol, wash the gem, and finally wash it with water.